Citation Standards

Citation Standards Guidelines

These citation standards apply to all written work submitted at Replum Seminary, including essays, research papers, exegetical assignments, discussion posts, theses, and dissertations. Faithful scholarship honors truth, sources, and the Christian witness of academic integrity.

• Required Citation Style

• Use of Electronic and Online Sources

• Quotation and Paraphrase

• Plagiarism and Academic Integrity

• Use of Research and Writing Assistance

• Faculty Discretion

1. Required Citation Style

Replum Seminary requires the use of the Chicago Manual of Style, Notes and Bibliography format (current edition), unless an instructor explicitly approves an alternative for a specific assignment.

This format is chosen because it is widely used in theology, biblical studies, church history, and pastoral scholarship.

Replum Seminary Chicago Style Reference Sheet

Notes and Bibliography (17th Edition)

1. Bible

Footnote (first citation):

1.     Holy Bible: Legacy Standard Bible (Fort Worth, TX: Legacy Standard Bible Publishing, 2022), John 3:16.

Bibliography: Holy Bible: Legacy Standard Bible. Fort Worth, TX: Legacy Standard Bible Publishing, 2022.

2. Book by a Single Author

Footnote (first citation):John Stott, The Cross of Christ (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1986), 45.

Footnote (subsequent citation):Stott, The Cross of Christ, 78.

Bibliography: Stott, John. The Cross of Christ. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1986.

3. Edited Book

Footnote: D. A. Carson, ed., New Bible Commentary: Twenty-First Century Edition (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1994), 112.

Bibliography: Carson, D. A., ed. New Bible Commentary: Twenty-First Century Edition. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1994.

4. Chapter in an Edited Volume

Footnote: Walter Kaiser, “Old Testament Theology and the Mission of God,” in Perspectives on the Old Testament, ed. John Sailhamer (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 57.

Bibliography: Kaiser, Walter. “Old Testament Theology and the Mission of God.” In Perspectives on the Old Testament, edited by John Sailhamer, 45–68. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002.

5. Journal Article

Footnote: Craig Keener, “The Use of the Old Testament in the New,” Journal of Biblical Literature 121, no. 3 (2002): 451.

Bibliography: Keener, Craig. “The Use of the Old Testament in the New.” Journal of Biblical Literature 121, no. 3 (2002): 445–67.

6. Online Article or Web Page

Footnote: John MacArthur, “The Glory of Christ in Salvation,” Grace to You, January 15, 2020, https://www.gty.org/library/articles/A180/the-glory-of-christ-in-salvation.

Bibliography: MacArthur, John. “The Glory of Christ in Salvation.” Grace to You. January 15, 2020. https://www.gty.org/library/articles/A180/the-glory-of-christ-in-salvation.

7. Dissertation or Thesis

Footnote: Bruce Smith, The Role of the Holy Spirit in Early Church Mission (PhD diss., Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2018), 92.

Bibliography: Smith, Bruce. The Role of the Holy Spirit in Early Church Mission. PhD diss., Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2018.

8. Reference Work (Dictionary or Encyclopedia)

Footnote: F. F. Bruce, “Faith,” in The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, ed. Colin Brown, vol. 1 (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1975), 387.

Bibliography: Bruce, F. F. “Faith.” In The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, edited by Colin Brown, vol. 1, 384–92. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1975.

9. Multi-Volume Work

Footnote: Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, vol. 3 (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1991), 412.

Bibliography: Henry, Matthew. Commentary on the Whole Bible. 6 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1991.

10. Lecture or Sermon (Print or Online)

Footnote: John Piper, “The Supremacy of Christ in All Things,” lecture, Bethlehem Baptist Church, Minneapolis, MN, March 5, 2019, https://www.desiringgod.org/messages/the-supremacy-of-christ-in-all-things.

Bibliography: Piper, John. “The Supremacy of Christ in All Things.” Lecture, Bethlehem Baptist Church, Minneapolis, MN, March 5, 2019. https://www.desiringgod.org/messages/the-supremacy-of-christ-in-all-things.

Notes for Students

• Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page; bibliography appears at the end of the paper.

  
  

• For Scripture references, include book, chapter, and verse in footnotes; do not abbreviate books in the bibliography.

  
  

• Subsequent citations of the same work may use a shortened form (author last name and title).

  
  

• Online sources should include the full URL and access date if required by the instructor.

2. Use of Electronic and Online Sources

• Online sources must be credible, scholarly, and stable

• Blogs, anonymous websites, and popular media should be used sparingly and only when appropriate

• URLs should be included only when no DOI or stable publication information is available

• Access dates should be included for online-only sources

3. Quotation and Paraphrase

• Quotations of forty words or more should be formatted as block quotations

• Block quotations should be single-spaced, indented, and without quotation marks

• Paraphrased material must substantially reword the source and still be cited

• Excessive quotation in place of original analysis is discouraged

4. Plagiarism and Academic Integrity

Plagiarism is the presentation of another person’s work, ideas, or wording as one’s own, whether intentional or unintentional.

This includes:

• Copying text without citation

• Inadequate paraphrasing

• Submitting work written wholly or partially by another person

• Reusing one’s own previous work without disclosure (self-plagiarism)

Confirmed plagiarism may result in:

• Failure of the assignment

• Failure of the course

• Academic probation or dismissal

5. Use of Research and Writing Assistance

• Students may use spelling, grammar, and formatting tools responsibly

• Any substantial external assistance in research or composition must be disclosed

• The submitted work must reflect the student’s own reasoning, structure, and conclusions

6. Faculty Discretion

Individual instructors may issue additional or more specific citation requirements for particular courses or assignments. In such cases, the instructor’s guidelines take precedence.